Why are biologics different?
Biologic medicines differ from traditional chemistry-based pharmaceuticals in several key ways
Sources and composition of biologic medicines
Biologics are made from living organisms, including humans, animals, or microorganisms. They are often large, complex molecules like proteins, antibodies, or cells. Unlike traditional pharmaceuticals that are typically made from chemical synthesis, resulting in small, simpler molecules.
The production process
Biologics are produced using biotechnology methods such as recombinant DNA technology, cell culture, and controlled gene expression. Traditional pharmaceuticals are manufactured through chemical reactions and processes in a lab setting.
Structure and complexity
Biologics are large and complex structures with unique three-dimensional shapes. Their complexity often makes them more specific in their action. Traditional pharmaceuticals are smaller, simpler chemical structures.
Mechanism of action
Biologics often target specific components of the immune system or cellular pathways, providing highly targeted treatments. Examples include monoclonal antibodies that bind to specific antigens. Traditional pharmaceuticals generally work by interacting with enzymes, receptors, or other cellular targets to modify biological processes.
Biologics in COPD
Inflammation
COPD is a complex disease with irreversible effects despite optimized treatments. Many patients continue to experience exacerbations that worsen lung function and quality of life. New biologics offer hope, but the early stage of identifying suitable candidates based on inflammation biomarkers may affect the effectiveness of these treatments. Ongoing research into drugs targeting specific inflammatory markers will help define the future use of these new therapies.
Precision Medicine
Over the last few decades, treatments tailored to individual patients have greatly improved outcomes for many diseases. This approach, known as precision medicine, means that treatments are designed based on each patient's unique characteristics, leading to better results with fewer side effects. For these treatments to work best, doctors need to identify specific targets within the disease and select patients who are most likely to benefit, based on certain traits and biological markers.
Most COPD patients have type 1 (T1) inflammation, with neutrophils being the main cells involved. However, up to 40% of patients may also have type 2 (T2) inflammation, with increased eosinophil counts driven by other immune cells. These two types of inflammation can overlap, as seen with the role of IL-13 in COPD, Asthma-COPD Overlap (ACO), and asthma.
Researchers have identified two main COPD phenotypes that might benefit from targeted therapies: the eosinophilic exacerbating phenotype and the non-eosinophilic, predominantly neutrophilic phenotype.
Previously, various monoclonal antibodies targeting specific inflammatory pathways were tested for COPD but didn't show the desired results or had significant side effects.
In respiratory medicine, biologics have been successfully used for conditions like asthma and lung cancer. Recently the FDA, in the United States, has approved dupilumab for COPD with type 2 inflammation.
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Considering biologics for my COPD
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Risks and Benefits
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My Biologics Checklist
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Reviewing your exacerbation history
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When are biologics most appropriate? What are the end goals?
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